The growing discourse around illicit tobacco trade and safer nicotine alternatives in Bangladesh has revealed two sharply divided perspectives. One group advocates for a pragmatic, balanced regulatory framework-one that mirrors proven international models and protects public health while acknowledging economic and market realities. The other, often driven by externally funded advocacy groups, pushes for blanket bans on alternative products, sometimes disregarding local context and global scientific evidence. Such rigid approaches risk undermining Bangladesh's progress in both public health and economic stability.
More than 35 percent of Bangladeshi adults still use tobacco in some form, despite years of anti-tobacco campaigns, warning labels, and taxation measures. The harmful health effects remain severe, underscoring the need for fresh, evidence-based approaches. Earlier this year, the Chairman of the National Board of Revenue (NBR), Md. Abdur Rahman Khan, emphasized the significant tax losses Bangladesh incurs because of illegal trade in tobacco products and safer substitutes. While not advocating for unrestricted access, he stressed that balanced regulation is more effective than outright bans. He also cautioned that prohibitions often push consumers toward black markets, a trend seen in countries such as Australia, India, and Thailand, leading to revenue loss and increased health risks.
Globally, governments are moving toward regulation rather than restriction. Tobacco harm reduction is now part of Saudi Arabia's national health strategy. Established in 2023, Badael-a company supported by the Public Investment Fund-has led extensive cessation initiatives with its flagship tobacco-free nicotine pouch, DZRT. In less than two years, Badael has helped almost 400,000 smokers cut down cigarette consumption, with 140,000 reportedly quitting nicotine entirely. This initiative aligns with Saudi Vision 2030 and reflects the Kingdom's commitment to innovation and harm reduction.
Similarly, the United Arab Emirates has introduced technical standards for tobacco-free oral nicotine pouches through its Ministry of Industry and Advanced Technology. This policy demonstrates the government's focus on quality control and public health, ensuring that adult smokers have access to safer, well-regulated alternatives. Because these pouches contain no tobacco, smoke, or combustion, they eliminate most of the harmful chemicals linked to serious diseases such as lung cancer, heart disease, and stroke. Evidence from the Middle East and Europe shows that, when properly regulated, nicotine pouches are more than 99 percent less harmful than combustible cigarettes and eliminate the nine key toxicants identified by the World Health Organization in 2008.
Early results from Saudi Arabia are already promising. Hospitals have reported a decline in smoking-related illnesses, and more individuals are using cessation tools without stigma. A recent study found that 41 percent of participants who switched to nicotine pouches successfully quit smoking, demonstrating that supportive, science-based approaches are more effective than punitive bans.
The United States Food and Drug Administration has also recognized the potential of nicotine pouches for harm reduction. After extensive review, the FDA approved the marketing of ZYN products earlier this year. "These nicotine pouch products meet that bar by benefiting adults who use cigarettes and/or smokeless tobacco products and completely switch to these products," said Dr. Matthew Farrelly, Director of the Office of Science at the FDA's Center for Tobacco Products. The agency emphasized that responsible marketing and strict age restrictions, limiting sales to adults 21 and older, are essential for protecting youth. Dr. Brian King, Director of the Center for Tobacco Products, added that the agency continues to closely monitor the market to safeguard public health and noted that youth use remains low.
For Bangladesh, the introduction of regulated, science-based alternatives such as nicotine pouches could strengthen existing tobacco control efforts and support the national goal of becoming tobacco-free. Drawing lessons from Saudi Arabia and the UAE, the country now stands at a crucial policy crossroads: whether to adopt an evidence-based, health-focused framework that promotes both well-being and economic growth, or to follow a path shaped by external influence and rigid ideology. A forward-looking, people-centered approach-one that restores tax revenue, reduces harm, and provides adult smokers with safer, regulated options-can guide Bangladesh toward a healthier and more resilient future.
The writer is a lawyer and human rights activist
