In the sphere of international relations, the fundamental principle of Bangladesh’s foreign policy has long been: “Friendship with all, malice towards none.” Guided by this principle, Bangladesh has conducted its foreign policy based on sovereignty, neutrality, and peaceful coexistence.
In the 13th National Parliamentary Election held on 12 February 2026, the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) secured a decisive victory, winning 209 out of 297 seats and forming the government under the leadership of Tarique Rahman.
Immediately after the formation of the government, U.S. President Donald Trump extended his congratulations to Tarique Rahman. In his message, he stated: “On behalf of the American people, I congratulate you on your historic election and wish you a successful term as Prime Minister of the People's Republic of Bangladesh.” He further noted: “The partnership between our two countries is based on mutual respect and shared interests.”
Historical Context of Bangladesh-U.S. Relations
A review of Bangladesh-U.S. diplomatic relations reveals that during the Liberation War, the United States opposed the independence of then East Pakistan and demonstrated support for Pakistan by deploying its Seventh Fleet to the Bay of Bengal.
However, Bangladesh achieved independence on 16 December 1971 after a nine-month armed struggle.
After 108 days of independence, on 4 April 1972, the United States formally recognized Bangladesh as an independent and sovereign state through a declaration by then Secretary of State William Rogers and a message from President Richard Nixon. The establishment of the U.S. Embassy in Dhaka on 18 May of the same year marked the formal beginning of diplomatic relations.
Although the United States was the 57th country to recognize Bangladesh, it later emerged as a major provider of humanitarian assistance and is now one of Bangladesh’s largest trade and security partners.
Policy Shifts under Ziaur Rahman
During the presidency of Ziaur Rahman (1977-1981), Bangladesh’s foreign policy and economic outlook underwent significant transformation. The country gradually moved away from socialist policies and embraced a free-market economy. As a result, relations with the United States and the Western world improved substantially.
Economic liberalization and encouragement of the private sector enhanced Bangladesh’s global image and strengthened trade and diplomatic ties with the United States. Ziaur Rahman’s foreign policy emphasized maintaining balanced relations with both the Western and Muslim worlds.
His diplomatic initiatives were well received in Washington. In the context of the Cold War, his firm stance against the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 aligned with U.S. strategic interests. At the same time, he laid the groundwork for the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), which later played a vital role in regional collaboration.
Relations during Khaleda Zia’s Tenure
Under Khaleda Zia (1991-1996 and 2001-2006), Bangladesh-U.S. relations became deeper and more multidimensional. The United States welcomed the return of democracy in 1991 and developed close ties with the BNP government.
Economic reforms and liberalization led to increased U.S. investment, particularly in the power and gas sectors. Security cooperation also expanded, including maritime patrols in the Bay of Bengal, joint training programs, and support for Bangladesh’s participation in UN peacekeeping missions.
The U.S. also played a significant humanitarian role, particularly during the devastating 1991 cyclone, providing extensive relief assistance and deploying military personnel for rescue and rehabilitation efforts.
Overall, during this period, bilateral relations were strengthened through economic, military, and humanitarian cooperation, contributing to regional stability and Bangladesh’s development trajectory.
Recent Developments under Tarique Rahman’s Government
The U.S. administration has not only welcomed Tarique Rahman’s electoral victory but has also expressed support for his government’s recently announced judicial reform initiatives. The United States considers him a key strategic partner in South Asia and has outlined a roadmap for strengthening bilateral relations.
Key areas highlighted include:
1. Defense Cooperation: President Trump encouraged Bangladesh to pursue agreements such as the Acquisition and Cross-Servicing Agreement (ACSA) and the General Security of Military Information Agreement (GSOMIA), which could enable access to advanced U.S. military equipment.
2. Trade Agreement: Emphasis has been placed on implementing a new trade agreement to protect the interests of farmers and workers in both countries.
Diplomatic Engagements and Strategic Dialogue
A significant meeting took place on 5 April 2026 at the Secretariat between Tarique Rahman and U.S. Ambassador Belt T. Christensen. The United States expressed strong interest in deepening relations. During the meeting, the Ambassador presented a replica of the White House as a symbol of friendship.
Historical photographs were also gifted, including images of meetings between Ziaur Rahman and Jimmy Carter, and Khaleda Zia with President George H.W. Bush.
In January 2026, Tarique Rahman met with U.S. Trade Representative Jamieson Greer, where constructive discussions were held on tariff policy and Bangladesh’s export potential. The U.S. also assured full support on energy security, positioning itself as a potential alternative source of energy imports.
Strategic and Defense Agreements
From a strategic perspective, the United States views Bangladesh under Tarique Rahman as a reliable security partner in countering China’s growing influence in the Indo-Pacific region.
Two major agreements are under consideration:
ACSA (Acquisition and Cross-Servicing Agreement):
This would allow logistical support between the armed forces of both countries, including fuel, food, spare parts, and port facilities. It is not a military alliance but a framework for cooperation during peacetime or emergencies.
GSOMIA (General Security of Military Information Agreement):
This agreement would ensure secure exchange of classified military information and could enable Bangladesh to access advanced military technologies such as modern radar systems and fighter aircraft.
The government has clarified that all discussions are being conducted while fully preserving national sovereignty.
Economic Cooperation and Investment Prospects
Economically, the United States now considers Bangladesh a key partner in the Asia-Pacific region. A proposed reciprocal trade agreement could reduce tariffs and create new opportunities for industries and exports-particularly in the ready-made garment sector.
There is also potential for importing affordable liquefied natural gas (LNG) from the United States, which would strengthen Bangladesh’s long-term energy security.
Additionally, U.S. investment in sectors such as information technology, cybersecurity, infrastructure, agriculture, pharmaceuticals and logistics is expected to contribute significantly to economic development. Discussions are ongoing regarding the reinstatement of GSP facilities.
The U.S. has already announced an initial package of $1 million through the Development Finance Corporation (DFC), along with special tariff benefits for garments and funding for the ICT sector.
From a humanitarian perspective, the United States has assured full support in addressing the Rohingya crisis, including financial assistance and repatriation efforts.
Domestic and Regional Reactions
Domestically, these agreements have sparked political debate. Opposition parties argue that such defense agreements could indirectly draw Bangladesh into the U.S. security sphere, potentially undermining its balanced foreign policy and affecting long-standing economic ties with China.
Some Indian commentators have also expressed concerns. However, the government has clearly stated that Bangladesh is not joining any military alliance and that these agreements are purely for technical and logistical cooperation.
Regionally, India has viewed these developments as an expansion of U.S. influence but has not directly opposed them. Diplomatic reassurances have been provided that Bangladesh will not compromise India’s security interests. Meanwhile, China sees these initiatives as a challenge to its Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and has responded by offering new investment opportunities under favorable terms. Tarique Rahman has reaffirmed commitment to the “One China” policy and maintaining strong traditional ties with China.
The most critical challenge for the current government is to maintain an effective strategy of “diplomatic balancing”-leveraging U.S. investment, technology, and security cooperation while preserving strong relations with India and China based on historical, geographical, and economic realities. It is hoped that Prime Minister Tarique Rahman, with the guidance of his foreign minister and cabinet, will successfully maintain this balance.
The author is the Director of National University and Analyst in Education and International Relations
